References for the Ajax Mine Project
Citations on Air Pollution and Human Health Provided by Dr. Moench
There is a substantial body of research showing air pollution--particulate pollution especially, and more especially particulate pollution with adsorbed heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, think benzene)--adversely affects the developing brain, especially at the stage of intrauterine development. The heavy metals attached to dust from a mine, and the PAHs attached to diesel emissions from heavy equipment make mine pollution uniquely toxic to brain development.
So the research shows that exposure to this kind of pollution is associated with increases in multiple types of brain pathology: autism, attention deficient and behavioral disorders, lower intelligence, and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and an acceleration of the cognitive decline associated with aging. DNA adducts, or epigenetic change, are the likely mechanism for some of that pathology in that it causes of down regulation of neuroprotective genes.
Below are some of the references that were used in the slide presentation, followed by a more comprehensive list of references.
Bae S, Pan X-C, Kim S-Y, Park K, Kim Y-H, Kim H, et al. 2010. Exposures to Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Oxidative Stress in Schoolchildren. Environ Health Perspect 118:579-583. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901077
Fonken LK, Xu X, Weil ZM, Chen G, Sun Q, Rajagopalan S, Nelson RJ. Air pollution impairs cognition, provokes depressive-like behaviors and alters hippocampal cytokine expression and morphology. Molecular Psychiatry, 2011; DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.76
Calderon-Garciduenas, L, M Kavanaugh, M Block, AD Angiulli, R Delgado-Chavez, R Torres-Jardon, A Gonzalez-Maciel, R Reynoso-Robles, N Osnaya, R Villarreal-Calderon, R Guo, H Zhaowei, Z Hongtu, G Perry and P Diaz. 2011. Neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease-associated pathology, and down-regulation of the prion-related protein in air pollution-exposed children and young adults. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2011-110722.
Weuve J, Puett R, Schwartz J, Yanosky J, Laden F, Grodstein F. Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution and Cognitive Decline in Older Women Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(3):219-227. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.683
Frederica P. Perera, Deliang Tang, Shuang Wang, Julia Vishnevetsky, Bingzhi Zhang, Diurka Diaz, David Camann, Virginia Rauh. Prenatal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Exposure and Child Behavior at age 6-7. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2012; DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104315
Freire,C., Ramos,R., Puertas,R., et al. Association of traffic-related air pollution with cognitive development in children. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010;64:223-228
Suglia SF, et al. Association of Black Carbon with Cognition among Children in a Prospective Birth Cohort Study Am J Epidemiology 2008 167:280-286.
Lopez 1, Acuna D, Beltran-Parrazal L, et al. Evidence for oxidative stress in the developing cerebellum of the rat after chronic mild carbon monoxide exposure (0.0025% in air). BMC Neuroscience
2009,10:53 doi10.1186/1471-2202-10-53
Allen, JL, K Conrad, G Oberdörster, CJ Johnston, B Sleezer and BA Cory-Slechta. 2013. Developmental exposure to concentration ambient particles and preferences for immediate reward in mice. Environmental Health Perspectives 121(1): 32-38 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205505.
Edwards SC, Jedrychowski W, Butscher M, Camann D, Kieltyka A, Mroz E, et al. 2010. Prenatal Exposure to Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Children’s Intelligence at Age 5 in a Prospective Cohort Study in Poland. Environ Health Perspect :-. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901070
Becerra T, Wilhelm M, Olsen J, Cockburn M, Ritz B. Ambient Air Pollution and Autism in Los Angeles County, California. Environ Health Perspect 121:380–386 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205827 [Online 18 December 2012]
Volk H, Hertz-Picciotto I, Delwiche L , Lurmann F, McConnell R. Residential Proximity to Freeways and Autism in the CHARGE study. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21156395.
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8. Volk H, Hertz-Picciotto I, Delwiche L , Lurmann F, McConnell R. Residential Proximity to Freeways and Autism in the CHARGE study. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21156395.
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31. Fonken LK, Xu X, Weil ZM, Chen G, Sun Q, Rajagopalan S, Nelson RJ. Air pollution impairs cognition, provokes depressive-like behaviors and alters hippocampal cytokine expression and morphology. Molecular Psychiatry, 2011; DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.76
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40. Perera FP, Tang D, Wang S, Vishnevetsky J, Zhang B, Diaz D, Camann D, Rauh V. Prenatal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Exposure and Child Behavior at age 6-7. Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Mar 22. [Epub ahead of print]
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